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1.
Rev. invest. clín ; 71(1): 70-78, Jan.-Feb. 2019. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1289671

ABSTRACT

Abstract Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a complex and heterogeneous entity that may result from different causative agents and risk factors and may follow diverse clinical courses, including COPD secondary to biomass smoke exposure. At present, this phenotype is becoming more important for two reasons: first, because at least almost half of the world’s population is exposed to biomass smoke, and second, because the possibility of it being diagnosed is increasing. Biomass smoke exposure COPD affects primarily women and is related with insults to the airways occurred during early life. Although constituents of biomass smoke and tobacco smoke are similar, the physiopathological changes they induce differ depending not only on the chemical composition (related with the type of fuel used) but also on the particle size and the inhalation pattern. Evidence has shown that biomass smoke exposure affects the airway, predominantly the small airways causing anthracofibrosis and peribronchiolar fibrosis changes that will clinically translate into chronic bronchitis symptoms, with a high impact on the quality of life. In this review, we focus especially on the main epidemiological and clinical differences between COPD secondary to biomass exposure and COPD caused by tobacco exposure.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Smoke/adverse effects , Biomass , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/etiology , Phenotype , Quality of Life , Tobacco/chemistry , Smoking/adverse effects , Risk Factors , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/physiopathology
2.
Cad. Saúde Pública (Online) ; 33(supl.3): e00132415, 2017. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-889814

ABSTRACT

Resumo: A produção de cigarros envolve uma série de substâncias e materiais além do próprio tabaco, do papel e do filtro. Os aditivos do tabaco incluem conservantes, flavorizantes, intensificadores, umectantes, açúcares e compostos de amônio. Embora as empresas produtoras de tabaco aleguem que os aditivos não aumentam a toxicidade da fumaça e não tornam os cigarros mais atraentes ou viciantes, tais alegações são contestadas por pesquisadores independentes. Os autores realizaram uma revisão dos estudos sobre os efeitos dos aditivos sobre a composição química e toxicidade da fumaça. Os aditivos elevam os níveis de formaldeído e causam pequenas alterações nos níveis de outros analitos medidos na fumaça. Estudos toxicológicos (testes de mutagenicidade e de citotoxicidade em células de mamíferos, estudos da exposição por 90 dias por via inalatória em ratos e ensaios do micronúcleo em células da medula óssea) indicaram que os aditivos do tabaco não aumentam a toxicidade da fumaça. Entretanto, é conhecido que os estudos em roedores falham em predizer o potencial carcinogênico da fumaça do cigarro, e os testes realizados tiveram poder estatístico insuficiente para detectar diferenças pequenas, porém relevantes do ponto de vista toxicológico, entre cigarros experimentais (com aditivos) e controles (sem aditivos). Em conclusão, esta revisão da literatura mostrou que o impacto dos aditivos na toxicidade da fumaça do tabaco ainda permanece por ser esclarecido.


Resumen: La producción de cigarrillos involucra un número de sustancias y materiales diferentes al tabaco en sí, papel y filtro. Los aditivos del tabaco incluyen aromas artificiales, potenciadores del sabor, humectantes, azúcares, y compuestos de amonio. A pesar de que las compañías sostienen que los aditivos del tabaco no aumentan la toxicidad del humo y no hacen los cigarrillos más atractivos y adictivos, estas afirmaciones son cuestionadas por investigadores independientes. Este trabajo ha revisado los estudios sobre los efectos de los aditivos del tabaco en la química del humo y su toxicidad. Los aditivos del tabaco conllevan niveles más altos de formaldehído y otros cambios menores en los análisis realizados del humo. Estudios toxicológicos (tests de mutagenicidad en bacterias y citotoxicidad en mamíferos, ensayos de inhalación en ratas 90 días y células del micronúcleo de la médula ósea) mostraron que los aditivos del tabaco no aumentaron la toxicidad del humo. Los ensayos de roedores, sin embargo, no predijeron adecuadamente la carcinogenicidad del humo del tabaco, y no eran claramente suficientes para dar a conocer, sin embargo, las pequeñas, pero toxicológicamente relevantes, diferencias entre el test (con/aditivos del tabaco) y control (sin/aditivos del tabaco) en cigarrillos. Esta revisión de la literatura nos lleva a la conclusión de que el impacto dañino de los aditivos del tabaco en el humo continúa estando poco claro.


Abstract: Cigarette production involves a number of substances and materials other than just tobacco, paper and a filter. Tobacco additives include flavorings, enhancers, humectants, sugars, and ammonium compounds. Although companies maintain that tobacco additives do not enhance smoke toxicity and do not make cigarettes more attractive or addictive, these claims are questioned by independent researchers. This study reviewed the studies on the effects of tobacco additives on smoke chemistry and toxicity. Tobacco additives lead to higher levels of formaldehyde and minor changes in other smoke analytes. Toxicological studies (bacterial mutagenicity and mammalian cytoxicity tests, rat 90 days inhalation studies and bone-marrow cell micronucleus assays) found that tobacco additives did not enhance smoke toxicity. Rodent assays, however, poorly predicted carcinogenicity of tobacco smoke, and were clearly underpowered to disclose small albeit toxicologically relevant differences between test (with tobacco additives) and control (without tobacco additives) cigarettes. This literature review led to the conclusion that the impact of tobacco additives on tobacco smoke harmfulness remains unclear.


Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Rats , Smoke/analysis , Tobacco/toxicity , Tobacco Industry , Tobacco Products/toxicity , Tobacco/chemistry , Carbon Monoxide/analysis , Tobacco Products/analysis , Flavoring Agents/analysis , Formaldehyde/analysis , Lead/analysis , Nicotine/analysis
4.
Salud pública Méx ; 54(3): 270-280, mayo-jun. 2012. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-626699

ABSTRACT

Health warnings on tobacco products have emerged as a prominent area of tobacco control policy. Regulatory practice has rapidly evolved over the past decade to the point where health warnings on tobacco products continue to set international precedents for their size and comprehensiveness. The current paper provides a general review of current regulatory practices, including physical design features (such as size and location), message content (pictorial vs. text and content "themes), and regulatory considerations such as rotation period and other novel practices.


Las advertencias sanitarias en los productos de tabaco han llegado a ser una de las políticas públicas principales para el control del tabaco. A través de la última década las prácticas regulatorias han evolucionado mucho y varios países siguen impulsado cambios regulatorios importantes en términos del tamaño y carácter de las advertencias sanitarias que han implementado. Este ensayo resume las prácticas regulatorias actuales alrededor del mundo, incluyendo las características del diseño físico de la advertencia (es decir, tamaño y ubicación), sus contenidos (temas, pictogramas, textos) y otros factores regulatorios importantes (frecuencia de rotación y otras prácticas innovadoras).


Subject(s)
Humans , Health Promotion , Product Labeling , Smoking/prevention & control , Tobacco , Global Health , Advertising , Art , Health Policy , Mass Media , Nicotine/chemistry , Product Labeling/statistics & numerical data , Smoke/analysis , Smoking/adverse effects , Telephone , Tobacco Smoke Pollution/prevention & control , Tobacco/chemistry , World Health Organization
5.
Salud pública Méx ; 54(3): 293-302, mayo-jun. 2012. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-626702

ABSTRACT

En 2002, Brasil se convirtió en el primer país de la región en implementar etiquetas de advertencias sanitarias con pictogramas en los paquetes de cigarrillos. Desde la adopción del CMCT de la OMS en 2005, otros nueve países adoptaron advertencias con pictogramas y seis más aprobaron legislación cuya implementación está pendiente. El contenido del mensaje y el estilo del pictograma varían entre los países. Diecisiete países prohibieron descriptores de marca y nueve requieren una advertencia cualitativa con información de constituyentes y emisiones. Un importante progreso se ha alcanzado en la región desde 2005. Sin embargo, los países ratificantes del CMCT aún no han implementado todas las recomendaciones de las Directrices del Artículo 11.


In 2002, Brazil became the first country in the region to implement pictorial health warning labels on cigarette packages. Since the adoption of the FCTC/WHO in 2005, nine more countries adopted pictorial labels and six passed legislation that is pending of implementation. The message content and the picture style vary across countries. Seventeen countries have banned brand descriptors and nine require a qualitative label with information on constituents and emissions. Since 2005, important progress has been achieved in the region. However, countries that have ratified the FCTC have not yet implemented all the recommendations of Article 11 Guidelines.


Subject(s)
Humans , Product Labeling/legislation & jurisprudence , Smoking/legislation & jurisprudence , Tobacco , Advertising/legislation & jurisprudence , Advertising/standards , Art , Carbon Monoxide/analysis , Caribbean Region , Guidelines as Topic , Latin America , Nicotine/analysis , Product Labeling/standards , Public Policy , Smoking/adverse effects , Tobacco/chemistry , Truth Disclosure
8.
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-51728

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the nicotine content of some popular Indian brands of smoking tobacco (cigarettes and bidis) and pan masalas (chewable tobacco). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Commercially available cigarettes, bidis, and pan masalas (chewable tobacco) were obtained from local retail outlets for the study. Nicotine was estimated using gas-liquid chromatography. RESULTS: The analyses showed relatively higher levels of nicotine in tobacco from bidis (26.9 mg gm) as compared to cigarettes(15 mg/gm); the difference is statistically significant ( P P > 0.01). Nicotine concentration in chewing tobacco was 3.4 mg/gm. CONCLUSION: The study concludes that the nicotine content of Indian brands of smoking tobacco was slightly high compared to other international brands. Higher concentration of nicotine was found in bidis compared to cigarettes. The nicotine content in commercially available chewing tobacco products was found to be much lower than in the smoking form of tobacco, but the average daily consumption made it comparable to the smoking form.


Subject(s)
Chromatography, Gas , Filtration , Humans , India , Nicotine/analysis , Product Labeling , Tobacco/chemistry
9.
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-37313

ABSTRACT

Bhurgri Y (2005) have studied the time trends in the site specific oral cancer incidence in the Karachi South, a sample population of Pakistan with a representation of all ethnic and socio-economic groups of the country. Oral cancer ranks 6th world-wide. However, 58% of the cases are concentrated in South and Southeast Asia (Nair et al; 2004). In Karachi, it ranks 2nd in all malignancies among both males and females, with the highest reported incidence in the world. In the absence of alcohol use, chewing of products of betel, areca and tobacco remain the main etiological risk factors. These products include paan, chaalia, gutka and naswar. Because of the ancient history of these products, their use is socially acceptable in all sections of South Asian society.


Subject(s)
Areca/chemistry , Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control , Humans , Incidence , Mouth Neoplasms/epidemiology , Pakistan/epidemiology , Plant Structures/adverse effects , Prevalence , Risk Factors , Sex Factors , Social Class , Tobacco/chemistry
10.
West Indian med. j ; 53(2): 66-70, Mar. 2004.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-410535

ABSTRACT

The concentrations of 28 elements, in hand-made cigars, [quot ]rope[quot ] tobacco and freshly picked tobacco leaves from the parish of Manchester in central Jamaica, were compared with locally packaged and imported cigarettes and cigars. Except for chromium and vanadium, which are lower in the imported products, the elemental concentrations of all the brands sold in Jamaica are rather similar. The means for aluminium, cadmium, caesium, cerium, chromium, iron, thorium, uranium, vanadium and zinc for the Manchester material exceed the maximum values of the other tobaccos. The significant concentrations of heavy metals, and especially cadmium, which is about 50 times that of commercial cigarettes, reflect the known high concentrations in the soils in the region. This tobacco is not filtered and the smoke contains 50 of the cadmium. This, and the concentrations of radioactive elements, may indicate an additional health risk compared with commercial cigarettes. A study of three samples of marijuana indicates a similar level of risk from heavy metals


Subject(s)
Cannabis/chemistry , Trace Elements/analysis , Tobacco/chemistry , Jamaica
11.
Saudi Medical Journal. 2004; 25 (7): 912-917
in English | IMEMR | ID: emr-68770

ABSTRACT

To determine the nicotine content of commonly used tobacco in hubble-bubble [HB] and compare it with that found in cigarettes. Analysis of nicotine content of 13 commercial brands of HB tobacco was carried out using gas chromatography over an 8 month period; November 2002 through to June 2003 at the Toxicology Laboratory, University of Jordan. A wide variation in nicotine content in all brands was noticed with an average of 8.32 mg/g tobacco, range [1.8-41.3 mg/g]. The average nicotine content in each HB head [20 gm] of unflavored tobacco was [713mg/head] and flavored tobacco has [67mg/head]. One head of unflavored tobacco has nicotine equivalent to 70 regular cigarettes. The addition of adulterations; honey, glycerin and other flavors in the process of preparing the flavored [Muasel] tobacco contributes to lowering the nicotine content in each gram of flavored tobacco. Smoking one head of flavored [Mua'sel] tobacco which contains on average one third of nicotine presented in 20 cigarettes [204mg/pack] usually resulted in a higher plasma nicotine level by 20%. Hubble-bubble smokers are not at a lesser risk from smoking than cigarette smokers in relation to nicotine dependence. The inability of water to trap significant amounts of chemical substances present in tobacco [especially nicotine] and the danger which might result from the combustion of additives like; glycerin, honey and other flavors could be a very important factor to extrapolate the damage resulting from HB smoking


Subject(s)
Humans , Smoking/adverse effects , Tobacco/chemistry , Tobacco Use Disorder/etiology , Risk
12.
Rev. Fac. Cienc. Méd. (Córdoba) ; 57(1): 95-107, 2000. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-279413

ABSTRACT

La relación entre el cáncer de hígado y las aflatoxinas está bien demostrada. Los productos químicos genotóxicos reaccionan con el ADN tanto en forma directa o después de la activación metabólica para formar uniones; este es un paso esencial con respecto a la carcinogénesis química. La presencia y el número de uniones específicas al ADN provee una buena indicación de la exposición química y del daño genético resultante del contacto a carcinógenos y la proporción de los mismos que afectan la susceptibilidad para padecer cáncer. Un análisis de las uniones al AND requiere metodología altamente sensible para detectar por lo menos una unión cada 109 nucleótidos normales. El método más confiable está basado en técnicas físico químicas como la cromatografía líquida de alta presión. (HPLC). Por otra parte la exposición por inhalación del carcinógeno AFB1 debe ser considerada como potencial inductora/productora de cáncer de pulmón. Así es que existen evidencias epidemiológicas circunstanciales que dicho compuesto produciría cáncer de pulmón. El propósito de esta investigación fue determinar la presencia de AFB1 en diferentes tipos de tabaco, a) Virginia de Jujuy, b) Brasileño y c) negro de Salta; así como en tejidos pulmonares obtenidos por biopsias de pacientes con cáncer de pulmón y bronquitis crónica. Los pacientes se dividieron por sus manifestaciones clínicas en: pacientes afectados con cáncer de pulmón (n:25) y aquellos que presentaban bronquitis crónica (n:14). En el grupo con cáncer de pulmón la estirpe epidermoide se presentó en 23 de 25 cánceres estudiados, todos ellos fumadores. Los otros 2 casos fueron adenocarcinoma, no fumadores. En los pacientes con bronquitis crónica se registraba el hábito de fumar en 12 de 14 casos. La determinación de AFB1 fue positiva en los tres tipos de tabaco y negativa en diluyente de PBS. Las biopsias de los carcinomas de estirpe epidermoide fueron positivas en los 23 casos, con un nivel de 0.68ñ0.82 mg/l. En los pacientes con adenocarcinoma (n:2) el resultado para AFB1 fue negativo, similar a los pacientes con bronquitis crónica (n:2) que no eran fumadores. Los 12 pacientes con bronquitis crónica, todos ellos fumadores, presentaron AFB1 en menor nivel que en el grupo cáncer epidermoide, 0.21ñ0.109 mg/l, p<.025. Conclusiones: 1º La AFB1 fue encontrada en las fuentes de tabaco , así como en el epitelio bronquial de los cánceres de estirpe epidermoide y en menor nivel en los pacientes con bronquitis crónica...


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Adenocarcinoma/etiology , Aflatoxin B1/analysis , Bronchitis/etiology , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/etiology , Lung Neoplasms/etiology , Tobacco/chemistry , Aflatoxin B1/adverse effects , Aged, 80 and over , Analysis of Variance , Chi-Square Distribution , Chronic Disease , Tobacco/adverse effects
13.
Alergia (Méx.) ; 44(5): 111-5, sept.-oct. 1997.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-219730

ABSTRACT

Las condiciones en que se realiza la combustión del tabaco durante el acto de fumar favorecen el arrastre de diferentes componentes del cigarrillo, incluyéndose los que se generan en la ignición y que llegan al aparato respiratorio del sujeto que aspira el humo del tabaco. En el extremo de la combustión del cagarrillo la temperatura alcanza 600ºC pero en el punto opuesto, que se pone en contacto con los labios del fumador, la temperatura es menor; por lo anterior se considera que en el cigarrillo se forma un gradiente de temperatura que puede ser capaz de transportar los productos del tabaco. Para demostrar que sí es posible encontrar componentes inmunorreactivos en el humo del tabaco se diseñó un modelo en el cual se usaron dos series de cigarrillos. La serie experimental de cigarrillos fue inyectada con distintas concentraciones de una solución de albúmina sérica bovina (albúmina sérica bovina) y la control recibió salina-fosfato (SSF) sin ninguna proteína. Ambos grupos de cigarrillos permanecieron a 20ºC durante 48 horas para permitir su secado. Posteriormente, se procedió a la combustión de cada serie por separado y el condensado del humo del tabaco producido se dejó en solución salina-fosfato. Los condensados de humo del tabaco derivados de los cigarrillos con mayor concentración de albúmina sérica bovina presentaron más proteína total que los cigarrillos controles. La identificación de la albúmina sérica bovina, que previamente se había colocado en los cigarrillos, se realizó con técnicas inmunoserológicas en las cuales se demostró una banda correspondiente a la albumina sérica bovina, la cual fue revelada con los anticuerpos policlonales anti-albúmina sérica bovina. Los condensados de humo del tabaco producidos con cigarrillos sin albúmina sérica bovina no reaccionaron con los anticuerpos anti-albúmina sérica bovina. La cuantificación de la albvúmina sérica bovina en cada conjunto de cigarrillos mostró de 15 a 601 mcg por cada cigarrillo, de acuerdo con la dosis de albúmina sérica bovina aplicada inicialmente. Se concluye que una fracción de la proteína puesta a los cigarrillos conserva su inmunorreactividad en el condensado del humo del tabaco; por lo cual es posible que los sujetos fumadores al aspirar el humo se pongan en contacto con estructuras del tabaco que desencadenan una respuesta inmunitaria anti-tabaco


Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Cattle , Serum Albumin, Bovine/immunology , Antibodies/immunology , Cattle , Hot Temperature , Immunologic Techniques , Plant Proteins/analysis , Plant Proteins/immunology , Respiratory Hypersensitivity/etiology , Smoke/analysis , Tobacco/chemistry
14.
Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association [The]. 1996; 71 (1-2): 9-29
in English | IMEMR | ID: emr-41479

ABSTRACT

The effects of low-level exposure to cadmium due to cigarette smoking on renal function were judged by the estimation of urinary levels of total proteins, cadmium, alpha-1-microglobulin [alpha1 M] and glutathione S-transferase [GST] activity among 50 males [38 smokers and 12 control. non-smokers]. Elevated urinary cadmium levels [2.408-28.160; 9.31 +/- 7.1 micro g cd/gm urine creatinine] were observed among the majority of smokers [24 cases, 63.16%] and these levels showed a positive correlation with age and smoking index. Furthermore, urine total proteins [115.18-652.14, 242.89 +/- 121.88 mg Protein/gm urine creatinine] were increased suggesting glomerular involvement among 20 cases [52.63%] of smokers. In addition, urinary alpha1 M levels [14.645-86.053; 34.05 +/- 16.83 mg alpha1 M /gm urine creatinine] and urinary GST activity [0.0-0.008; 0.00015 +/- 0.0002 micro mol/min/100 micro1/gm urine creatinine] were elevated among 18 [47.37%] and 20 [52.63%] cages of smokers respectively. Since urinary alpha1 M and GST originate from renal proximal tubules, the data of the present investigation could reflect early low-level cadmium exposure nephrotoxic effect on both the glomeruli and tubules


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Smoking , Tobacco/chemistry , Kidney/drug effects
15.
Indian J Med Sci ; 1995 Mar; 49(3): 55-7
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-67170

ABSTRACT

Sixty samples of smoking and chewing tobacco from subjects in and around Ludhiana, Punjab were tested for arsenic content. No significant difference between the two groups could be detected. The probable role of arsenicosis in neuropathy and liver disease in the Indian population is discussed.


Subject(s)
Arsenic/analysis , Drug Contamination , Humans , India , Plants, Toxic , Smoking , Tobacco/chemistry , Tobacco, Smokeless/chemistry
16.
In. Marín Larraín, Pedro Paulo. Tiempo nuevo para el adulto mayor: enfoque interdisciplinario. Santiago de Chile, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 1993. p.213-25, ilus.
Monography in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-284757
17.
Maghreb Medical. 1990; (220): 38
in French | IMEMR | ID: emr-16962
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